On the first anniversary of the Madrid train bombings that killed 191 and wounded 1,900, all of the city’s 650 churches began ringing their bells at sunrise; traffic and work stopped for five minutes of silence; a memorial park of olive and cyprus trees was opened; and the Islamic Commission of Spain, the main representative body for the country’s one million Muslims, issued a fatwa against Osama bin Laden, declaring that his and al-Qa’eda’s acts of terrorism “‘are totally banned and must be roundly condemned as part of Islam.'” The fatwa is thought to be the first major condemnation of bin Laden by a mainstream Muslim organization.